Stars
Galaxies
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Stars and Galaxies
They are massive luminous sphere of plasma held together
by its own gravity – nearest star to Earth is the Sun.
(Click the blue text, where it’s available, below for more information.)
Stars
Stars
A star is a luminous ball of gas, mostly hydrogen and helium, held together by its own gravity – nuclear fusion reactions in its core support the star against gravity and produce photons and heat, as well as small amounts of heavier elements.
The Sun is the closest star to Earth.
Star Birth
A star is born when atoms of light elements are squeezed under enough pressure for their nuclei to undergo fusion – all stars are the result of a balance of forces: the force of gravity compresses atoms in interstellar gas until the fusion reactions begin.
Giant Stars
A giant star is a star with substantially larger radius and luminosity than a main-sequence star of the same surface temperature – they lie above the main sequence on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram and correspond to luminosity classes II and III.
Small Stars
The smallest stars are called tiny red dwarfs. Red dwarfs are the most commonly-found stars near the Earth – astronomers have determined that about 2/3 of all the stars in the vicinity of Earth are red dwarf stars; this includes Proxima Centauri, which is the closest star to Earth.
Stars Brightness
Stars have a wide range of apparent brightness measured here on Earth – the variation in their brightness is caused by both variations in their luminosity and variations in their distance. An intrinsically faint, nearby star can appear to be just as bright to us on Earth as an intrinsically luminous, distant star.
H-R Diagram
The Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, abbreviated as H–R diagram, HR diagram or HRD, is a scatter plot of stars showing the relationship between the stars’ absolute magnitudes or luminosities versus their stellar classifications or effective temperatures.
Binary Stars
A binary star is a star system consisting of two stars orbiting around their common barycenter. Systems of two or more stars are called multiple star systems – these systems, especially when more distant, often appear to the unaided eye as a single point of light, and are then revealed as multiple by other means.
Variable Stars
Variable stars are stars that change brightness. The brightness changes of these stars can range from a thousandth of a magnitude to as much as twenty magnitudes over periods of a fraction of a second to years, depending on the type of variable star.
Novae
A nova is a transient astronomical event that causes the sudden appearance of a bright, apparently “new” star, that slowly fades over several weeks or many months – causes of the dramatic appearance of a nova vary, depending on the circumstances of the two progenitor stars.
Supernovae
A supernova is a powerful and luminous stellar explosion – this transient astronomical event occurs during the last evolutionary stages of a massive star or when a white dwarf is triggered into runaway nuclear fusion.
Neutron Stars
A neutron star is the collapsed core of a giant star which before collapse had a total mass of between 10 and 29 solar masses. Neutron stars are the smallest and densest stars, excluding black holes and hypothetical white holes, quark stars, and strange stars.
Pulsars
A pulsar is a highly magnetized rotating neutron star that emits beams of electromagnetic radiation out of its magnetic poles – this radiation can be observed only when a beam of emission is pointing toward Earth, and is responsible for the pulsed appearance of emission.
Stellar Clusters
Star clusters are very large groups of stars. Two types of star clusters can be distinguished: globular clusters are tight groups of hundreds to millions of old stars which are gravitationally bound, while open clusters, more loosely clustered groups of stars, generally contain fewer than a few hundred members, and are often very young. Open clusters become disrupted over time by the gravitational influence of giant molecular clouds as they move through the Galaxy, but cluster members will continue to move in broadly the same direction through space even though they are no longer gravitationally bound.
Nebulae
A nebula is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases. Originally, the term was used to describe any diffuse astronomical object, including galaxies beyond the Milky Way.
Black Holes
A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing – no particles or even electromagnetic radiation such as light can escape from it; the theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole.
Quasars
A quasar is an extremely luminous active galactic nucleus, in which a supermassive black hole with mass ranging from millions to billions of times the mass of the Sun is surrounded by a gaseous accretion disk.
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Galaxies
Galaxies
Some scientists think there could be as many as five hundred billion galaxies in the universe.
Our Galaxy
Our galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter – the word galaxy is derived from the Greek galaxias, literally “milky”, a reference to the Milky Way.
Local Group
The Local Group is the galaxy group that includes the Milky Way – it has a total diameter of roughly 3 megaparsecs, and a total mass of the order of 2×10¹² solar masses.
Stars Names
From the word star, meaning luminous astronomical object seen in the night sky (the Sun is also a star).
Stars Patterns
The patterns of stars seen in the sky are usually called constellations, although more acurately, a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky is called an asterism. Astronomers use the term constellation to refer to an area of the sky.
Celestial Sphere
In astronomy and navigation, the celestial sphere is an abstract sphere that has an arbitrarily large radius and is concentric to Earth – all objects in the sky can be conceived as being projected upon the inner surface of the celestial sphere, which may be centered on Earth or the observer.
Star Charts
A star chart or star map, also called a sky chart or sky map, is a map of the night sky. Astronomers divide these into grids to use them more easily – they are used to identify and locate constellations and astronomical objects such as stars, nebulae, and galaxies.